Cannon FIRE!

A cannon requires 3 steps in order to fire successfully.

1. The first step is Preparation:

Placing a cartridge of black powder, which is gunpowder, made from paper, flannel or wool. How much powder used was based on the distance to the target, the size of the cannon and what type of projectile is used. To get the cartridge to the bottom of the tube, breach with a rammer.

2. Ignition:

• A friction primer is used to ignite the black powder that is in the tube. The friction primer consists of a hollow tube that fits into the vent hole. At its top there is an opening through which a serrated wire can be inserted. The wire has a loop on it through which a lanyard, or rope, is attached.

  When it is time to fire the cannon the rope on the friction primer is pulled. The serrated wire creates enough heat from friction to ignite the black powder that is in the primer tube. This fire ignites the black powder in the breech. The explosion that results from the breech powder being ignited propels the projectile out the end of the tube.

3. Aiming

• Aiming the cannon is done by pointing the piece, the cannon, with a breech sight for the up and down elevation and the cannon was moved left or right for lateral positioning.

Read more: How Does a Cannon Work? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4911702_a-cannon-work.html#ixzz1L6H4A7mn

Pulley Cart

In physic class, we get to play around with the pulley carts with 3 metal coins inside them and also a ticker-tape timer. The purpose of this lab is to show and prove the relationships between acceleration, total force and the mass.

The metal pieces are tied to the strings to act as the force that pulls the cart across the table until the distance traveled equals the height of the table. At the same time, the ticker-tape is used to record the pattern of acceleration of the different trials.

After the entire experiment, 5 different tapes are generated from the timer and are used for later analysis and calculations.

Data for 6 Scenarios:

1) acceleration vs. force 1

d1=0.008 m d2=0.03 m dt=0.24m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a=1.6m/s ^2

v1= 0.24 m/s v2=0.9m/s

2) acceleration vs. force 2

d1=0.029m d2=0.09 m dt=0.58m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a= 5.6 m/s ^2

v1= 0.87 m/s v2=2.7m/s

3) acceleration vs. force 3

d1=0.035m d2=0.073 m dt=0.35m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a= 5.28 m/s ^2

v1= 1.05 m/s v2=2.19m/s

4) acceleration vs.mass 1

d1=0.008 m d2=0.03 m dt=0.24m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a=1.6m/s ^2

v1= 0.24 m/s v2=0.9m/s

5) acceleration vs. mass 2

d1=0.065m d2=0.1m dt=5.4m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a= 5.2 m/s ^2

v1=1.95 m/s v2=3.06m/s

6) acceleration vs. mass 3

d1=0.055m d2=0.13 m dt=0.53m

t=1/30 s t=1/30 s a= 11.8m/s ^2

v1=1.65 m/s v2= 3.9 m/s

Building Our Own TALLEST Structure

In Physics class, we were assigned to build the "tallest structure" with simply just newspaper and tape. The point of this little activity was to get an understanding of how tall buildings can stand at such extreme heights, and also for us to know more about the center of gravity.

The structure we built in class was not carefully planned out before, and we started to building the structure off scratch without any clues on how everything worked. We made the structure itself first, and we tried to make a base that could possibly make it stand. However, we made a fatal mistake on the base, because it barely had any weights in it, and therefore it could not become the center of gravity and it could not stand in the end.

Tallest Structure!

The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic Architecture.

The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core.

As the tower rises from the flat desert base,setbacks occur at each element in an upward spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the sky.

A setback, sometimes called step-back, is a step-like recession in a wall.

To support the unprecedented height of the building, the engineers developed a new structural system called the buttressed core, which consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form the ‘Y' shape. This structural system enables the building to support itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.

The building rises to the heavens in several separate stalks, which top out unevenly around the central spire. This somewhat odd-looking design deflects the wind around the structure and prevents it from forming organized whirlpools of air current, or vortices, that would rock the tower from side to side and could even damage the building.

The primary structural system of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 ST; 110,000 LT) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 metre long buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep. Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.

Aerodynamics!!

What is aerodynamics? Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air. Aerodynamics is involved in the flight of an airplane, the curve of a baseball pitch, and a kite flying in the sky. Because the object travels through air, its reaction to the air must also be considered when dealing with aerodynamics. The basic laws of motion and gas properties are also considered in aerodynamics.

There are three basic laws of aerodynamics (laws of conservation).

The first is the law of continuity. It states that if a certain mass of fluid enters a volume, it must either exit the volume or change the mass inside the volume. The second is the conservation of momentum. It states that force is equal to the time derivative of momentum. The final law is the conservation of energy. It states that energy can be converted into a variety of forms, however the total energy in a given system remains constant.

There are three forces that act on a glider, and four forces that act on a powered airplane are all covered in aerodynamics.

A glider is a common type of aircraft that has no engine. There are three forces that act on a glider: lift, drag and weight.

Lift is the force that opposes the aircraft’s weight, which helps the aircraft stay aloft. Lift is perpendicular to the flight direction. Drag is the mechanical, aerodynamic force that opposes the aircraft’s motion through the air. Air resistance is often a great contributer to drag. Weight is the force of gravity pulling down on an object towards the Earth.

Gliders generate its initial velocity by being thrown or having a powered aircraft drag the glider to a higher altitude, giving it a higher potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy. Pockets of air that are rising faster than the glider is descending help keep the glider aloft. The rising air are called updrafts, and can be found where thermal energy is released.

The distance between the front of to the back of the aircraft’s wing is called the chord. The distance from one wingtip to the other is called the wingspan. The ratio of an aircraft’s wingspan to its average chord distance is called the aspect ratio of wings. A successful glider often uses a high aspect ratio of wings.

A powered aircraft, such as an airplane, as an additional force acting upon it. This force is called thrust. Thrust is a propulsive force created by engines that is used to overcome drag.

Kinematics Word Problems!

CLICK THE IMAGES TO ENLARGE!

Actual Graphs Obtained From the Lab!!!

CLICK ON THE IMAGES TO ENLARGE!

Distance Vs. Time Graph (1)

Velocity Vs. Time Graph (1)

Velocity Vs. Time Graph (2)

Distance Vs. Time Graph (2)

Distance Vs. Time Graph (3)